This factor measures the degree of deviation of a company's current profitability from its historical profitability by calculating the Z-Score of operating profit. A positive value indicates that current profitability is higher than the historical average, while a negative value indicates the opposite. Standardization makes profitability comparable between different companies, while also eliminating the historical trend of a company's own profitability and focusing more on short-term changes in profitability. It should be noted that this factor is essentially a relative indicator that relies on the company's own historical profit data, so it may not be directly comparable between different industries. It is usually necessary to combine it with the industry average or perform standardization within the industry before use. In addition, the effectiveness of this factor depends on the selected time window T. A time window that is too short may result in excessive noise, and a time window that is too long may not capture short-term changes in profitability.