in:

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  Total Accruals is the total accruals of stock i in period t. The calculation method is usually: Net Profit - Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities. It reflects the impact of non-cash transactions on profits during the accounting period.

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  is the total assets of stock i in period t-1, which is used to standardize the variables in the regression model to eliminate the impact of company size differences on the results and make the data of companies of different sizes comparable.

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  It is the increase in operating income of stock i in period t relative to period t-1 (Change in Revenue), representing the change in the company's revenue during the reporting period.

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  It is the increase in accounts receivable of stock i in period t relative to period t-1 (Change in Receivables), reflecting the change in accounts receivable due to reasons such as credit sales. This part of income may be subjective and controllable to a certain extent.

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  is the total fixed assets (Property, Plant, and Equipment) of stock i at the end of period t, representing the value of tangible productive assets owned by the company.

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  The intercept term of the regression model represents the expected value of the dependent variable when all independent variables are zero. This parameter is not directly used in subsequent calculations.

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  The corresponding regression coefficients in the regression model. Their estimated values ​​can be obtained through cross-sectional regression. Among them, $\alpha_{1}$ corresponds to the coefficient of the inverse of total assets, $\alpha_{2}$ corresponds to the coefficient of the growth of operating income, and $\alpha_{3}$ corresponds to the coefficient of total fixed assets.

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  They represent the estimated values ​​of the intercept term and regression coefficient obtained through cross-sectional regression estimation, which are used to calculate non-discretionary accruals.